Despite the success of existing approaches, controlling finite-volume effects in QCD+QED remains challenging. Accurate determinations of binding energies and hadronic observables often require very large volumes due to long-range electromagnetic interactions.

To address this, I develop alternative infrared regulators for lattice QCD+QED simulations. In particular, I explore formulations with a finite photon mass, which provide a practical and computationally efficient framework to control infrared effects and enable precise calculations.